=History of the European Languages=

History of the European Languages: Or, Researches Into the ..., Volume 2 Par Alexander Murray

Account of the Sanscrit Persic and Slavonic While the Hellenic tribes of Athens and Ionia were rising into immortal distinction in the West they were frequently called to defend themselves against the ambition of the Great King whose dominions extended from the Indus to the Hellespont But such are the obstacles that retard the progress of useful knowledge that Greece opposed and afterwards conquered the East without leaving any distinct account of the mighty nations which it had subdued At this late period when the utility of examining every part of the history of mankind is acknowledged rather than promoted our information respecting Persia and India is vague and imperfect The language of the Brachmanes is not yet fully in our possession We have not collected nor communicated to the world the literary monuments of that people from which the Greek philosophers borrowed many of their opinions and which seem to have been preserved from the revolutions of Western Asia to teach in distant ages the state of society in these countries that were first civilized The Medes as we are informed by Herodotus the best Greek historian consisted of several independent tribes in the north of Persia These were subdued by the Assyrians from whom they were the first people who revolted They resumed their independence about ANC 748 About three years after the death of Sennacherib ANC 709 Deyoca or Devoca by great policy and art united the Buses Paretacenians Struchates Arizantes Budiens and Magi magi men into one government and founded Agbatana the capital of Media The whole nation was called madi or magdi the tribes His son Phraorta ANC 654 subdued the tribes of the same race in the south the Pasar gades Maraphiens Maspiens Panthialeans Deru sians Germaniens and several others collectively called Persians The Panthialeans Derusians and Germaniens were agricultural tribes as is affirmed by Herodotus and particularly indicated by the name kermani labourers workers from the verb ker work in Persic and Sanscrit The Persians and Medes spoke the same language The Median names Devocah Phraortah Cuacsharah As tayagah Mandana may be compared with the Persian Corwesh Gustaspah Teispah Mardony ah Artocshercshah Achamanah Siromitrah and innumerable others In Sanscrit and old Persic vocabularies contradictory It is impossible to open a Sanscrit vocabulary without discerning the affinity of the Teutonic and Indian A short list of words formed in the most unselecting manner will demonstrate this assertion Sanscrit wah bear carry Teutonic wag rajah a governor Teutonic reiks Latin regs yuga an age Teutonic eacw or aiw Sanscrit ratha a chariot Teutonic rad pad foot Teutonic fot patha a road Teutonic path nakha nail Teutonic naegel nisha night Teutonic niht veda knowledge Teutonic wite Icelandic oedda knowledge ga tih going Teutonic gaet raja a row a range Teutonic racwa and rawa dant tooth Teutonic tunth manushya a man Teutonic mensch yuvan young Teutonic geong and iung acshi an eye Teutonic oog or augo go a cow Teutonic cu ucshan an ox viz a bull Teutonic oxa no a boat Teutonic log a place Teutonic leag or log from lag lay lie maha great Teutonic meag and mea gol also mikil varaha a hog Teutonic fe arh Latin verres janu the knee Teutonic cniw Latin genu daru wood Teutonic triw also dru a tree riju straight right true Teutonic riht from rag stretch vand hur modest bashful from vandh fear honour regard in Teutonic wend See Lye's Anglo Saxon Dictionary words wandian and wendian sthira stiff fixed Teutonic stith sthavira old stiff Slavonic staraya all from stha or sta make stand fix set firm wadhuh a woman from wadh produce in Teutonic wacba by contraction weib a woman ganga a river a running stream in Teutonic gang or gong nadah and nadi a river from nad move in Celtic and Cymraig neth or nith a moving winding stream dadruh a tetter or ringworm from dru run around in Teutonic thrag in Greek dramo I run throo I throng wat and wayuh the wind in Teutonic waion to blow from wag move blow in Latin ventus in Greek anemos The Sanscrit verb an blow and its derivative anila wind breath with at blow and atma or atmana breath or spirit are all like the Greek atmos and Celtic anal breath from ag and ah move a word equally applicable to air water and fire In Sanscrit vari is water varuna the god of water the words was water wid or id wet indra for idra the god of wetness or rain are quite common Other nouns are majja marrow originally mog or mag in Teutonic and Sanscrit tunthah fire in Teutonic tind in Celtic teine sthan a station tion a country in Teutonic stand a stance or station bhuh and bhur and bhumi the earth in Teutonic bygga a dwelling a habitation the primitive radical is bag and big move stir live walk about be and in another view of moving work labour toil investigate study ply The earth is called bhur and the sky bhuwar They reckon like the Chaldeans fourteen worlds or spheres each of which is called bhoobun The seven below the earth are the infernal regions full of all things frightful to the sense The earth is the lowest of the seven upper spheres and its inhabitants are called bhur loki earth dwellers for lok is locus a place The bobur lok is the vault of the visible heavens where are the sun moon and stars The swergeh lok is the common paradise for all who merit heaven in any respect The mahurr lok is the paradise of saints who have left the world and in the desert lived as hermits under particular mortification Mahur is great or transcendant from mahat great The janneh lok is the place of the souls of pious and moral men Jan is anima a soul or living thing from jan produce in Latin gigno Janeh is nearly equal in sense and altogether in derivation to genius a spirit born with a man an angel that guards him The tapeh lok is the sphere of enthusiastic worshippers who have died for their faith or all their lifetime been devoted to religion Tapasa

pasa is a devotee from tap be warm shine The sutti lok is the highest the region of Brihm or the revealed Power of the Invisible First Cause the land of the supramundane light of perfection sutti of men who have never told a falsehood in their lives and of women who have burnt themselves on the funeral pile of their husbands The spirits of these are considered as nearly about to re enter the source of all created beings and to be absorbed in the Deity Some of the more important words which have been considered in the first part of this work have the following appearance in Sanscrit Swa property swami a proprietor a master sva or swa own belonging to self swayam self himself herself &c syah sya tyad by contraction sah sa tad that masculine feminine and neuter an invaluable proof of the relation of the article or demonstrative pronoun to swa own or self Yah ya yad who masculine and feminine and which neuter the same as the Visigothic ei and both from aga or eaca same self The two demonstratives eshah esha etad hie haec hoc and ayam iyam idam hie haec hoc are from ah self in this manner ah is put into the preterite tense and so becomes ahat ayat and ET same selfsame this to which the personal consignificatives are joined in a way to be described presently Ayam shows its derivation from aya

It is the object of this Section to show, that the Persic obeyed the laws of progressive formation, already explained in common with the other dialects. As it is a dialect of the Sanscrit, reference may be occasionally made from it to that language; and as the Persic grammar is not complex, a few observations on it will suffice in this place.

Persic nouns are scarcely declinable. If they relate to animated objects, they receive An for their plural; but if they are names of inanimate things, they subjoin Ha. Examples are, Ab, water; in Sanscrit Apa; in the plural Abha, waters: Mig, a cloud; Sanscrit, Megha; plural, Migha: Badeh, wine; Sanscrit, Vadeh, liquor; Badeha, wines: Bad, air; Sanscrit, vada, wind: Tab, heat, flame; Sanscrit, Tapas, heat, light: Cheshm, an eye; Sanscrit, Chacshama: Jehan, the world; Sanscrit, Jagata, from Ga, move: Giti, the world, from Sanscrit Gatih, movement: Khwab, sleep; Sanscrit, Swapa: Dam, a binding or tie, a snare; Sanscrit, ■; Derukht, a tree 5 Sanscrit,

Dru and Deruh, a tree: Dir, a door; Sanscrit, Dwara, an opening, from Dwa, divide, separate: Derung, delay; Sanscrit, Durgha, length or long: dest, the hand; Sanscrit, Dosht, arm: Dem, breath; Sanscrit, Dhmah: Raz, a secret; Sanscrit, Rah, separate: Roz, a day; Sanscrit, Rocha or Raja, shining: Zir, gold; Sanscrit, Swira, gold: Sepide, white; Sanscrit, Sveta, white: viraneh, a desert; Sanscrit, Viranya, a desert. These and their like take Ha in the plural. It is, however, a common Persic practice to use the singular of nouns, not relating to animated objects, for the plural. As I have no ancient Persic in my possession, I cannot assign the origin of Ha. An, the other mark of the plural, is the relic of Ans, formerly found in all the dialects. The plural of the following list, given merely to show the affinity of the Indian and Persian, is made by An. Shah, a king; Sanscrit, Shas, govern: Ferishte, plural Ferishtegan, a messenger, from FERisTADEN,send; Sanscrit, Prasthatum, to stand or send out: Kebuter a dove; Sanscrit, Kav: Ner, male; Sanscrit, Nero, man: Ger or Ker, a worker; Sanscrit, Karyyah, from Kri, work: KhoubRuyi, one having a sweet or agreeable face. In Sanscrit, Rupya is a form or shape, in Latin Facies; and Sap or Swap, is soft, sweet: SiptaChoras, according to Ctesias, is in Indian, or rather Persic, sweet tasted, from Sipta, sweet, and Khora or Ghara, eat; Khoubavaz, one having a Vol. Ii. T

sweet voice: in Sanscrit, Vach is speak. KhooshKhuyi is sweet-tempered. Khuyi seems to be from the Sanscrit Sva, proper, own, self, peculiar; as well as Khuyi and Khud, self:—Murd, a man ; in Sanscrit Mardya, a mortal; Nimurd, a name of CaiKaus, the third of the second dynasty of Persian kings, an appellation which signifies not mortal: Diraz-dest, long-armed, from Deraz, long, and Dest, the arm; in Sanscrit Dirgha, long, and Dosh, the arm: An, that, masculine and feminine, from the Sanscrit Am, this or that: (See proofs of the existence of Am, in the oblique cases of Asau, in Wilkins' Sanscrit Grammar, p. 114; and of En, this, in p. 113 :) In or En, this ; from the Sanscrit Ayam or Em, this: Keh, who; Sanscrit, Kah, who: Cheh, what; Sanscrit, Cha, the same as Que in Latin: Her, all, every; Sanscrit, Sarva, all, each: Hem, together; Sanscrit, Sama, together, continuous: Javan, young, a youth; Sanscrit, Yuvah, Yuva, Yuvam, young, masculine, feminine, neuter: Yuvan is the crude adjective:—Murg, a wild bird or animal; Sanscrit, Mriga: Madeh, a female, from the Sanscrit radical Mah, increase, breed: Peche, the young of men or animals; Sanscrit, Push, generate, breed, nourish: the Persic plural is PecheGan, young ones :—Gau, a cow or ox; Sanscrit, Gava: Mader, a mother; Brader, a brother; Kwaher, a sister; Puser, a child, or Pur, a son; Dokhter, a daughter; Damad, a son-in-law; PiDer or Pader, a father. These nouns are in Sanscrit MATARA, BHRATARA, SWASARA, PUTTRA, DUHITARA, JAMATARA, PITA. *

It would be easy to exhaust the Persian dictionary in this comparative manner. The identity of the Persic and Indian cannot be matter of doubt; but it requires judgment to point out that minute coincidence between word and word, on which a complete and connected train of affinity may be established between these and the European languages; so that, by knowing one dialect, the others might be readily and scientifically acquired.

The Persic genitive is made by joining the short vowel i to the word in the singular or plural. That sound is possibly the relic of the corrupted genitive formerly expressed by Ayah, Ah, or is; but the vowel is not annexed to the governed, but to the governing word ; and the practice is conformable to that of the Arabic, from which the Persians have replaced all that their distresses had wasted in other ages. Examples of this genitive are, Dir, a door; Diri Men, the door of me; Dirha, doors; Dirhai To, the doors of thee, or thy doors; Gul, a flower or rose; Gulhai Shah, the roses of the king; Shahani Parsistan, the princes of Persia. The datives of all genders and numbers are made by adding Ra to the nouns; as Gulra, to a flower;

Gulhara, to flowers; Shahanra, to princes. This word is probably a fragment of the old termination in Ra, which marked action or quality. The Persians have no inflections of nouns beside these. They form many compounds of nouns and participles, or of adjectives and substantives; as HemKhwabeh, having the same bed; Hem-ashian, having the same nest; Bi*bak, without fear, fearless; Siah-cheshm, black-eyed; Khush-reftar, sweetly-moving; Ruz-efzan, daily increasing; Jan-asa, spirit-resting; Koh-afken, mountainthrowing; Na-amid, not having hope, hopeless; and their adjectives, have the ordinary nature of Teutonic and Sanscrit derivatives. Some of these are participles, as Sazendeh, a maker; Bazendeh, a player; Kerdendeh, one making, a worker: others have the terminations Aneh, In, Var and Ver, Sa or Asa, like; Mund or Mend, and Vesh or Esh; which have great affinity to the Sanscrit. Examples of these are, Murdaneh, man-like or manful, from Murd, a man; Ateshin, fiery, from Atesh, fire; Zirin, golden, from Zir, gold; ShirIn, mild, sweet, from Shir, soft, gentle, meek. The radical is Shi, rest, be quiet.Janvar, having life, from Jan, life, animation: the radical is Ja, be born, whence Jat, a living soul or spirit, in Latin genius: Jatoun, in Du Perron's Pehlvic Vocabulary, is a good genius.Reftar, motion, from Reft, go; Didwar, sight, from Did, see; Guftar, speak ing, from Guft, speak: their Sanscrit radicals are Ri or Rav, move; Dhi, hold, apprehend, observe; Jap, speak, originally Gab : the Celtic Rig, go, and the Anglo-Saxon and Visigothic Thag, take, Gab, speak, are corresponding to these. Mah-vesh, moon-like, from Mah, the moon; Guncheh-vesh, bud-like, from Guncheh, a rose-bud or flower-bud; mushkasa, musk-like; Asayesh, rest; Setayesh, praise; Daneshmund, possessing learning; from Mushk, a well-known perfume; Asa, resting; SeTa, praising; in Sanscrit Stu, lift up, take up, extol; have terminations which are the same as the Indian Sa and Sha, with, along with, like; man- MATi-MAT,consignificatives of the proper participle; and others, already explained in the preceding Section of this Chapter. A Persic noun receives a limited sense by annexing i to it, as Gul, a flower; Guli, a particular flower: this syllable is a relic of the Indian Ayam or Iyam, the or this. An adjective becomes an abstract by adding Gi or i; as Gunde, rotten; Gundugi, rottenness; Tazeh, fresh; Tazagi, freshness; Khoob, good, sweet; Khubi, sweetness; which terminations are common in Sanscrit in such cases. The word Gund in Sanscrit signifies smell; in Slavic it has the same sense as in Persic.

Persic adjectives are compared, like Teutonic and Indian adjectives, by receiving Ter and TerIn; as Khub, sweet or good; Khubter, sweeter; Khubterin, sweetest. The origin of these added syllables may be found described in other parts of this work. The Persic verb has lost its ancient fertility of inflection : the passive, and several of the active tenses, are formed periphrastically, as in English. The auxiliary verbs are, Husten, in Sanscrit astom, to be; Buden, in Sanscrit Bhavitum, to be; Shuden, to move, walk, go; andKHWASTEN, to incline, will, desire. Persic infinitives end in Den or Ten, which is the representative of Tum or Ton, the neuter termination of the preterite participle in all the European languages. As this participle is often contracted, the infinitives of course are irregular in all the dialects which form them from it. It is a rule in Sanscrit, that whatever form the verb assumes in the third person singular of the first future, must be that of the infinitive. Hence Bhavitum, to be; Smetum, to smile; Kartum, to work; Jnatum, to know; Bhobhavitum, to be often; Yuktum, to join; Datum, to give; Stotum, to praise; Srishtum, to create, make; Shattum, or perhaps Shottum, to go, move; Aptum, to get, acquire; from Bhu, be; Smi, smile; Kri, make; Jna, know: BhoBhu, be often; Yuj, join; Da, give; Stu, praise; Srij, form or create; Sad or Shad, go; Ap, get; because Bhavita, Smeta, Kartta, Jnata, BhoBhavita, Yukta, Data, Stota, Srishta, Shatta, Apta, are the forms assumed in the person of the

tense now mentioned: but the fact is, that this person is itself a preterite participle. The A of its termination is for Asta. Bhavitasta is contracted into Bhavita, with the accent on the last syllable; and so of all other verbs in this person. Proof of this may be had from considering the other persons, BHAVITASMI, BHAVITASI for BHAVITAS-SI; and

so on. The philological reason is, that Bhav, not Bhu, is the true radix of the verb; whence BhaviTa, by contraction Bhuta, been. Smayita, KakIta, Jna-ita, Apita, srijita, and the like, easily become Smeta, kartta, Jnata, Apta, Srishta. It is no real objection, that Krita, made; Bhuta, been; and others of the same class, exist: Ta may be joined to a contracted, as well as to a regular verb; though it will be found, on examination, that the verbal of the first future, and the preterite participle in Ta, generally coincide, whether they be contracted or otherwise. Persic and Indian infinitives, therefore, have a like irregularity, arising from a like cause. While the Zend was uncorrupted, which it certainly was in the days of Cyrus, and his immediate successors in the Median and Persian empire ; the whole system of Persic inflexion in verbs and nouns appears to have been the same as that of the Sanscrit. The list of Persic and Indian verbs inserted below will make this assertion abundantly probable.* The mo

, — —* Note X.

dern Persic verb is inflected according to the following rules. The present tense is the ancient Sanscrit potential, which answers for an aorist, or rather subjunctive, having, like all that species of tenses, a kind of future signification ; and likewise for a present of the indicative mood, when the word Mi is prefixed to it. The sense of Mi is evidently that of acting or doing ; but its derivation is obscure, as the ancient Zend is in a manner lost. The regular form of Mi seems to have been Hemi: it is probably the same as Sma in Sanscrit. The future is formed by prefixing be to the aorist. The preterite is analogous to the Teutonic preterite, and consists of the verb in the preterite participle formed by Da, with the pronouns annexed, as usual. The preterite participle is quite similar to the Teutonic and Sanscrit. For example, Pors ; ask, preterite participle, Pors-ideh, asked; Pors-id-em, I asked ; Takh, twist; Takh-teh, twisted ; takh-t- Em, I twisted; Takhten, to twist: the present participles are formed by joining Endeh or An to the true radical of the verb, as found in the present or aorist, which are the same ; Pors-endeh, asking, or Porsan, asking; Tazendeh or Taz-an, twisting; Dash-ten, to hold; Dash-teh, held ; Dashtem, I held; Darendeh or Daran, holding. The infinitive, preterite participle, and preterite tense, take their anomalous form from inserting Ta or Da, done, after the radical, as it stood in Zend and Sanscrit. The radical of Takhten was Twach, twist, turn, or twine; but when Ta was joined to it, the most ancient consonant G ore hard was retained; and they did not say Twachita, but TwaKita, whence Takta, twisted > and Taktum, to twist. The Persic infinitive is accordingly TakhTen, after the genius of the dialect; but the present tense is Mi Tazem, I twist; Mi Tazi, thou twistest; Mi Tazed, he twists; Mi Tazeim, we twisted; Mi Tazeid, you twisted; Mi Tazend, they twisted ; all from Twach, of which Taz is the Persic corruption; and the present participles are Ta

ZENDEH and TAZ AN, for twachanta or TWACAHN, their ancient Sanscrit and Teutonic forms. This explanation extends to all Persic verbs, whether regular or otherwise. *

The Persic verb Porsiden, to ask, may illustrate these facts, and likewise the affinity of the Eastern and Western dialects. Porsiden is, in Sanscrit, Prachchhitum; in Slavic, Prosite; in German, Forschen, to inquire, investigate, interrogate. The verb Fragen, to ask, is common in Visigothic, Anglo-Saxon, Icelandic; and, indeed, in every old Teutonic dialect. It must, however, be stated, that the Sanscrit prachch'hitum will be considered by some as a compound of Pra, forth, and Ishtum, to want or desire ; a verb related to Was, want, wish, wish for ., an opinion which, notwithstanding the

As the verbs Buden, to be, Hasten to be ; ShuDen, to move or go; and Khasten, to will, wish, seek or ask for, are used as auxiliaries; there is no want of compound tenses. The substantive verb, which is generally used instead of Mi Bavem, Mi

BAVI, MI BAVED, MI BAVEIM, MI BAVEID, MI BA

Vend, the present of Buden; is Am, I am ; Ei, thou art; Ist, he is; Eim, we are; Eid, you are; And, they are. A compound preterite tense is made with Am, and Porsideh, asked. Porsideham, I have or I am asked ; Porsideh Ei or Porsidei, thou hast asked; Porsid Ist, he has asked; Porsideh Eim, we have asked; and so on. The preterpluperfect is made by Porsideh, asked; and Budem, Budi, Bud, Budeim, Budeid, Budend, I was, &c. annexed to it; and a future, in which will or inclination to act is indicated, rather than mere futurity of action, is constructed, by prefixing Khahem, Khahi, Khahed, Khaheim, khaheid, Khahend, I wish or I will, &c. to Porsid, the abbreviated infinitive. In Latin, this tense might be translate dvolo interrogare, or volo interrogatum, if this were conform, able to the genius of that dialect. A compound or preterite future is formed in Persic, by prefixing Porsideh, asked, to Bashem, Bashi, Bashed, Ba' Sheim, Basheid, Bashend, I may be. Bashem, an d its kindred persons, are more in use than BaVem. The principal parts of Buden are, in Persic grammars, stated to be Buden, Bav or Bash, be; Bavem or Bashem, I may be.

The passive voice is entirely formed by the parts of Shuden, to go; of which the imperative is Shav or shu; and the present subjunctive is Shavem, I may go. The first persons of the passive tenses are, as arranged by Sir William Jones, Indicative present, Porsideh Mi Shavem or Shuvem, I am asked; preterite, Porsideh Shudem, I was asked; preterpluperfect, Porsideh Shudeh Budem, I had been asked; aorist or present subjunctive, PorsiDeh Shuvem, I may be asked; Future, Porsideh Khahem Shud, I shall be asked; Infinitive, PorsiDeh Shuden, to be asked; Porsideh Shudeh BuDen, to have been asked. The verb Shudem seems to me to have been, perhaps it still is, in Sanscrit, Cshu or Shu, move, proceed; a verb of the first conjugation ; of which the first future was Shavita, and the present Shavami, Shavasi, Shaviti, &c. By comparing the aorist of Buden, viz. Bavem, Bavi, Baved, Baveim, Baveid, Bayend, with the Sanscrit potential Bhaveyam, Bhaveh, Bhavet, BHAVEMA, BHAVETA, BHAVEYUH, originally BHA- Ventu; some idea may be formed of the affinity of these tenses, which were, in the early ages, the same.

The negative words in Persic are Ne or Neh, not; Ma or Me, not; which every way correspond to the Sanscrit Na and Ma, and to the Greek Ne and Me. Ne Mi Porsem, I ask not; Mepors, ask thou not: Ne-kenem, I may not do: Mekeneid, do you not do.

Persic causal verbs correspond to causals in Sanscrit. Tabiden, to shine; Taban-iden and TabaYan-iden, to cause shine. The words Na, not; Bi, without; in Sanscrit vi; and Kem, little; in Sanscrit Kana; are very common in composition with adjectives and participle.

As the affinity of Persic and Sanscrit verbs is so intimate, that all anomalies in Persic must be illustrated from the Indian dialect; so the indeclinable words are equally related in these two languages. The names of numbers have been already explained. The list of adverbs and prepositions presents but few words which may not be easily referred to the Sanscrit. The pronouns Ke, who or which; Che, what; je, what; are, in Indian, Kah and Chah; of which Jah is a variety. Gah or Ja, a place or a time, seems to be a derivative of Ga, go; whence Gatih, a movement of time or of space. By observation it is ascertained, that both space and time are frequently marked in language, by verbs signifying to run, move, or go. In Persic, ShamGah is the evening-station or season ; and ShigerGah is a hunting course or station. Ja, a place, is common ; as is likewise Jehan, what goes or moves, viz. the world. The Indian name of jehan is JaGat, the redoubled preterite of Ga, go. Her, all or every, is Sarva, all. Hem, together or continual, is Sum. In, this, is Ena. An, that, is Amu. In-ja is this place, here; An-ja that place, there:—Ansu, thither; and Insu, hither; from the pronouns An and In, joined to sui or Savi, a turn, a side, a place ; from su, move, in Sanscrit: Ku, where; in Sanscrit, Kwa; in Saxon, Hu: chun, when, in which time or manner: it is the old instrumental case of Che, what; and appears to have been Chena.—Hem-chun and Hum-chu, in same way as; Hem-chen-in, like, from Hem, same; Chen, in which way; and In, this: Chen-an-ke, in which way, that-which; a compound equivalent to likeas in English: CheGouneh, what sort or form; from Che, what; and Gouneh; in Sanscrit, Guna, a manner or disposition: Bar, a turn, a time; Var and Bar in Sanscrit: Ta, until or to, equal to Du in Visigothic; and either derived from Do, act; or from Tu, on that or for that: To, the same as the Greek Te, is a common word in Sanscrit, in the sense of that, to that, too, also.—An-gah, at that time; Shamgah, 

even-tide: Sham is, in Sanscrit, Syam, the dark or twilight.—Di, yesterday, a fragment of Purwe DyAvi, on the former day: Div or Dyuh, a light, a day, has in the locative, Dyavi, on a day : PurweDyuh is yesterday in Sanscrit. Firda, to-morrow, is Paredyavi, by contraction, Paredyav, and FirDa. Peish, before, is Pascha, near, before, present, in presence; whence Poschat, from before, or eastward. The same word slightly varied into Pes, means back, back again, upon, behind, after. As Gen in Teutonic first means gone up to, close at, present, before, opposite, against; so, in its sense of close at or on, it acquires the force of added, repeated, back again. In Sanscrit, Pra is like Pro in Greek, fore, before in time and place. What is before another object is against it; for which reason Proti in Sanscrit, like Proti and Pros in Greek, means—at, opposite, again, against, back again. Prosage, in Greek, is repeat or add, or do again the action expressed by Age. This very minute species of illustration applies to Peish, before, and Pes, after or behind, in Persic; to Paschat, Pra, PraKa, Prati, and Pretya, in Sanscrit; which signify both before and behind, according to circumstances, and to similar prepositions in almost every other dialect.

Other Persic indeclinable words are Bi, without; Birun, without, on the outside of; from vi, separate, external, distinct from, in Sanscrit: Der, de Roun, and Anderoun, in, on, and within ; in Sanscrit, Antarena, on, upon, touching closely; also without or separate: Hemisheh, always, from SaMishah, perpetually. Shah, added to Indian adjectives, signifies like ; so Trishah is three-like, or three at a time; Alpasah, little at a time, from Alpa or Alipa, little; Ani-sa, continually, or ever on, from Ant, on, onward. It resembles our Teutonic word Sum, in three-some, blithesome, sevensome, longsome, and the like. Sa, like, in Persic, is in Sanscrit Sa or Sah. Forud or Foru, down, is probably from Fra, forward, in composition with some participle. Bala, up or high, is from the Sanscrit Bala, great, elevated; of which Balawand, high or mighty, is a derivative. Her-cu-ja-ke, wherever, is from Her, all; cu, where; Ja, place; Ke, which. Aber or Ber, on, is the Sanscrit Purah or Pora, before. Ez or zi, out of, from, is a corruption of Vahis or Vahya, out of; which seems in Persia to have been pronounced Ucha or Utsha. Zeber, from above, is Ez Aber. Zir, under, is of uncertain composition: it seems to be the Ez formed into an adjective with Ra. Zera, because, is from under which, the cause being considered as under the effect. Juz, except, is probably Je Ez, which being out. Beh and Ba, with, are probably the Arabic be with; though I suspect that they have had an Indian origin. Nazd, near, and AnDik, narrow, little, are both Sanscrit. Antika,

from An, on, close on; has Neda, near ; Nediyas, nearer; Nedishtha, nearest; substituted for it, according to Dr Wilkins's Grammar, p. 520. Our own Nah, at; Naher, near, nearest, and next; are known to all Teutonic scholars. Pahlavi, near or at hand, seems to be from Pahlu, the arm or the side. Ya, or, is from Anya, other. Eger or Ger, if, is uncertain, though it is possibly from Ker, do. Henuz, yet, is from Sa-nu-cha. Sa is together; Nu is now, and Cha also. Eknun, just now, is from Eka, one, or joined; and Nu-nu, now-now, in Sanscrit. Niz, even, is Ni-cha, on also. HerKez, ever, is Sar-ka-cha, from Sar, all; Ka, which time; Cha, also. The addition of Cha or Chit to the Sanscrit pronouns has the effect of reduplication observable in the Latin qui-cum-que, and Saxon Sa-hwa-swa, or Hwa-swa-aefre, whosoever. MegHer, unless, is from Ma, not; and Gher, if; in Latin, Nisi. Sirasir, from beginning to end, is Sira-a-sir, from Sira, the termination, the head, the peak in Sanscrit; and A for An, on; end-toend.. Lebaleb, up to the brim, is, in plain English, lip-a-lip, or lip on lip. Ruyi Beruyi is face to face; from Ruyi, the figure or form of the countenance. Peiker is another word signifying the form or figure of the face, corresponding to the Visigothic Fagr, which means made with care, handsome in shape or make; from Fag, work, shape, form.

Vol. Ii. u

Enough has been now said to establish the affinity of the Persic and Sanscrit, which, when examined at proper length, will enable the philologist to ascertain the connection of both with the northern dialects. I shall pass the Araxes and the Caucasean range into Sarmatia; but not without regret, that I cannot present the reader with an account of the various kinds of speech, which have existed among these mountains since the days of Cyrus and Astyages. The Armenians and Georgians are descendants of the tribes which wandered between Media and the mouth of the Volga. The Sarmatae, many centuries before the Christian era, separated from these tribes, spread towards the Tanais, and at length occupied, as their posterity continues to do, the country from the Volga to the Baltic. They were called Antae, Venedi, and Slavi, or Slavani. The Vends in Mecklenburg, the Prusi, the Polani, the Rosii, Crabrati or Croati, Morlaci, Zorabi or Servii, Moravi, Boiemi, Slavoni,and many other tribes in Europe, are of Sarmatic origin, and speak a language which bears evident marks of affinity to the Persic and Sanscrit.

SECTION IV.

The Slavonic unites the simplicity of the Visigothic with a vocabulary derived from the Persic and Indian. As a proof of its antiquity, it preserves many of the Teutonic words and inflections in the cases of nouns, and approaches in what regards the verb to that scarcity of tenses peculiar to early dialects. It is in many respects valuable to the philologist, among which must be considered the property which it possesses of joining the dialects of Asia with those of Europe, and of furnishing an unbroken series of illustration, extending from the East to the Frozen Ocean.

Slavonic nouns have so much of affinity to the Persic and Sanscrit, as to indicate their immediate descent from those tongues, and their occasional relation to the Teutonic; and often explain the ancient state of Oriental words, before these were corrupted by time and local peculiarities. Examples of the most common names of objects in Slavonic and Sanscrit establish the remark which has been now made. The Slavic word is first quoted, then the Sanscrit. If any other dialect be used, the name of it is mentioned.— Ogonye or Ogon, Agni, fire; Voda, Ida or Uda, water; Zemme and Zemlya, Persic, Zemin, earth: Dukhe, Sanscrit, Dhu and Dhma, blow: the Slavic word means air, breath, spirit: Jite, jivatum, to live; whence the Slavic Jiti, livelihood; Jivushchii, Vivens; Jivushchi-e, Viventes; and the adjective Jive, lively: Gora, Giri, a mountain; Brovye, Bhru, a brow of a hill or eye; vi

De, the look or face; Sanscrit, Vid, see, know; Visigothic, Wit, discern : Pole, a plain; Teutonic, Foled or Fold, a broad plain, the earth from its extension: Reka, a river, from Rag, run, found in all the dialects; Plode, fruit, produce of whatever kind, from Phull, blow, blossom, in Sanscrit; allied to the Anglo-Saxon Bleda, flower, blade, leaf, fruit: the radix is Blag, send forth, blow, produce : Temneii, dark; Sanscrit, Tam, become dark: Noche, night; Sanscrit, Naktam : Teche, to run; Sanscrit, Tvach, to haste: the radical is Twag: Revete, to make a noise; Sanscrit, Ravitum, to bluster: Derevo, a tree; Sanscrit, Deru: Nebo, the sky; Sanscrit, Share, a sphere; Sanscrit, Swar: Jare, to burn, roast; Sanscrit, Jvalitum, to burn: Gorkii, hot; Sanscrit, Gharmma, hot: Mede, honey; Sanscrit, Medho: Derjati, to hold, to hold firm with the hand; Sanscrit, Dharitum or Dharttum; Persic, Dashten and Darem, I hold: Sede, hoary or white; Sanscrit, Sweta: Hromate, to walk unsteadily; Sanscrit, KramiTum, to step, walk: Svete, light, radiance; Sanscrit, Sweta, white, clear: Stare, old; Sanscrit, Sthara, old, stiff, firm: Gustete, to thicken or condense; Sanscrit, Gahitum, to thicken : Jena, a woman; Sanscrit, Jaya, a mother: Vse, adjective, all, whole; Sanscrit, Visva, all; from which, and several other words peculiar to Slavic and Sanscrit, the affinity of these dialects is proved in the most direct manner.

=Piti, to drink; Sanscrit, Pi and Pa, drink, take drink; a word characteristic of these languages: Dvoe and Dva, two; Sanscrit, Dwa or Dva: Tyanute, to pull; Sanscrit, Tanitum, to stretch: Padate, fall; Sanscrit, Patitum, to fall: Biti, to beat; Sanscrit, Pit, beat: Vei-biti, to knock out; Vi-pit, knock asunder, in Sanscrit: Pole, kind, breed; Sanscrit, Pal, breed: Rode, birth, race, kind; Persic, Rah, deliver of a child; Mi Rahem, I am bearing: Samo, self; Sanscrit, Syam, self, same : Pute, a journey ; Sanscrit, Pad, go: Date, to give } Datum, to give in, Sanscrit: Dare, a gift; Sanscrit, Daryya: gaunA, merda; Sanscrit, Gu; in Greek, Cheso: Kadka, a tub; Latin, Cadus; and Sanscrit, Ghada, an earthen vessel. The radix of several of these words is Gu, or Geo; in Greek, Cheo, cast, found, melt; for the first pots and domestic vessels were cast by potters. Chutron, a pot, is from Cheo, I cast a vessel of clay.Drate, tear; Sanscrit, Darttum, to tear: Svaistvei, properties, qualities; from svo-i, svoYa, Svo-e, suus, sua, suum; in Sanscrit, Svah, Sva, Svam ; from Sva, own, self, proper, possessive, which is its original sense : Dene, a day; Sanscrit, Din, from Divina, shining : Khodite, to go; Sanscrit, Gati, going; Teutonic, Gaed, gait, going: Plavate, to float, swim, flow; Sanscrit, Plotum or Plavitum: Veste or Vesite, to carry, lift; Sanscrit, Vahitum, to carry, conduct: Dur and Durneii, ill; hard, difficult; Sanscrit, Dur, with the same meanings: Dvore, a door, a passage; Sanscrit, Dvar.

It would be easy to enlarge the above list to an unnecessary degree; for the Slavonic possesses a multitude of words, of which the forms are Indian or Persic; and many terms of which the particular shade of signification is Oriental rather than European. But though the Slavonic approaches to the Sanscrit so near as to prove their ancient connection, the base of this dialect is closely related to the purer varieties of the German. The Slavi use many words, found only in the Visigothic or Alamannic; such as Platye, cloths; Dolge, debt; Temnota, darkness; Terne, a bramble, any prickly plant; More, the sea ; Osele, an ass ; Hospoda, a master ; from Hus-fada, a house-holder or ruler; Gnoi, corrupted matter of a sore; Teutonic, Gund: Riade, a row, an order; Teutonic, Raed or Reow: Cuse, taste; Teutonic, Ceosan, to chew, taste : Je, also, already; Teutonic, Yu and Geo: Gostya, pronounce Hostya, a guest; Chleb, bread; in Visigothic, Hleib: Vera, belief, faith; Teutonic, Waer and Whar, solid, trusty, true: Rja, rust; Teutonic, Rost for Rogst, redness, rust: Ruka, a hand, from Raec, reach, touch, seize; Shove, a seam, from siw, join, sew; Stule, a chair or seat; Visigothic, Stols: Koldune, an enchanter, from the Gothic Gal, sing, chaunt, charm; and GalDor, an enchanter; a character very common among the ancient Scythae and Sarmatae.

Attention to the following facts will enable a philologist to trace almost every Slavic word to the Teutonic, or to those early dialects nearly allied to it, the Greek and Sanscrit. The Teutonic B and F are, in Sanscrit and Slavonic, represented by P or v; as Plode, fruit, for Blaed: Perede, before, for fored; Pena, for Faen or Faem, moisture or foam; Priya, love, for Fria, the origin of Freond, a lover; polnei-i, full, for Fol and Folna; Pro, before, for Foro or Fra ; Pervei-i, from Pere, before, and signifying forest or first; Paletse, a finger, for Feletsa, a catcher, a feeler; Plamya, flame; Pola, a fold, a flap; Poloski-i, flat, plain: in Anglo-Saxon the earth is often called Fold, from Foled, extended or plain.Plote, a float; Pishtcha, food, for Fedska. The Teutonic G guttural, and cw, are in Slavonic expressed by Ch, which sounds like Kh or H guttural. Examples are, Chudo, bad, in Teutonic Cwaad or Quad; Chode, for Gode or Gaet, a going, a movement; Pro-chode, for Fore-gaed, progress, going forth; Vei-chode, going away or out; Chodoke, a goer. Hard Teutonic G is changed into K, as Koza, a goat; and the same consonant falls very frequently into j, or G soft, as pronounced in France. 

The corruption of hard G into Dge, as in judge; or into Ge, as in the French words sage and orge; is found from D or Th; as in Nije, beneath, from Ned, down ; Nejene, nice, dainty; from Hnaegsc, soft: Nujno, needful; though indeed the original form of these words was Naeg, Hnaegen, Nog, and Nogd; all from Nag, bruise, drive down, drive, push, compel. Examples of c changed into Ch are equally common; as Noche, for Noct or Noc, night; Chistota, cleanliness, from Ceost, clear, clean; in Latin Castus, and in Teutonic Ceost, and Ceosc or cusc; all from Ceos: Tucha, a cloud, from Tuc, thick, dark; Chaste, for Ceost, a division, share; Criochoke, a gill, a small jar; from Croc, an earthen jar: Chto, for Ke-to, that, which or what; Cheteire, for Ceatere, four. In verbs and adjectives ending in K or c hard, the change into Ch is pretty frequent; as Gorache, for Goraike, warm, hot; Toloche, to pound, beat; in Scotish Tulsh or Dulsh, from Tolc or Dolc: Meichate, in Latin Mugire, from Muc, bellow; Velikii, great; Velichina, for Veliki-ina, largeness: Colocole, for Clocole, a thing rung, a bell; whence Colocolchike, for Colocolikike, belonging to a bell, a bell-flower.

The Teutonic H is often expressed in Slavic, as in Greek, Latin, and Sanscrit, by K; as Koja, for Haut or Hod, hide, skin, cover; Koleno, for HliNo, a bend, a joint, a knee; Ko, what, for Hwo; Kazate, to order, from Haits or Haet, an order, a call; for Haits and Kaz are the same: Konetse, for Hinods or Hinds, the hinder part, end; Khuca, a heap, for Huca. But when H is not reduced to K, it is generally represented by Slavic G hard, which is sounded as G or H, according to particular custom. The Russians write Iegova for Jehova, and pronounce Yehova.

CHAPTER IV.

History of the Celtic and Cymraig, or of the Earse and Welsh Languages.

The first inhabitants of western Europe seem to have been the Celtae. They received or assumed that name from their residing in forests. Their ancient fame and military expeditions were known in history long before their language was committed to writing. The title of Cymro, borne by the present Welsh, is not very ancient; nor was it given to their ancestors in Gaul or Britain, in the time of Caesar. All the tribes of Gaulish origin were termed by the Greeks and Romans Celtae or Galli; and it may be clearly shown, from British and Gaulic topography, and from the Celtic proper names and words, preserved in Roman writings; that the Celtic population of Gaul and Britain belonged to that division of the race, of which the posterity speaks the Cymraig dialect.

The inhabitants of the west of Scotland, at the beginning of the sixth century, were an Irish colony, which at that time had dispossessed the Britons of a great part of the isles and coast. They brought with them from Ireland the name of Scuite, or Scots; and the dialect and manners of that island. In the year 836, Kenneth, their king, ascended the throne of the Picts or Caledonian Britons, in right of his mother; and the Irish became the language of the whole country, beyond the Forth and Clyde. Irish colonies also had settled in Galloway. The Welsh or British kingdom of Strath-clyde, or Drumbriton, was overpowered by the Scots and Saxons; but the people in that district retained their language, and were called Walenses, as late as A.D. 1116.

Ireland was undoubtedly peopled chiefly from Britain. Some Celtic tribes may have arrived from Spain; but as the ancient Spanish is not before me, I cannot determine the truth or falsehood of the Irish ancient history. That country has enjoyed the use of writing since the introduction of Christianity, which took place very early. The Irish written monuments, therefore, are numerous; and the dialect of these is far more original and authentic than the vernacular Scotish or Irish Celtic. The Scotish dialect must be viewed as a distinct, but, at the same time, a modern variety of the Irish, which has been preserved since the year 503 in the mountains of Drum-albin, not so much by writing, as by the purity of speech, so highly esteemed among the northern clans.

The Irish and Scotish Celtic are one language; the Welsh, Cornish, and Armorican, are another. Both are of the same order, but they differ so widely in all those respects which make the dialect of one country understood in another; that their affinity, like that of the Greek and Teutonic, can be discerned only by philologists and scholars. 

The Welsh has not been preserved with that care, or rather by that fortune, which has attended the Irish. The manuscripts of Ireland, many of which are very ancient, have not been published. Extracts have been printed from those of Wales; and if this circumstance could have secured the Cymraig dialect, it would at present be better known than the Irish; but, owing to the more extensive use of the Irish as a modern language, the care of the writers of glossaries, and the additional light obtained from the Scotish Celtic; the Irish is much more accessible to a scholar than the Welsh. The modern dialect of Wales may be easily attained; but the ancient Welsh was in many instances obscure to Davies, whose dictionary was published in 1621. The Celtic and Cymraig, though probably little corrupted by ancient revolutions, have both undergone those changes which affect the purest dialects. Excepting the terms which it has borrowed, in considerable numbers, from the Latin and English; the Celtic possesses an unrivalled and striking originality in its words, a resemblance to the oldest varieties of language, and internal evidence that it to prevail in many dialects, and particularly in Slavic. K or c hard falls into Tch, sounded as Ch in church. These corruptions are only not universal in Slavic and Sanscrit. Instances abound in Slavic; as Jelche, for Gealc, yellow gall or bile: Jite, for Gite or Cwite, to live J Muja, for maeo Ga, a man; Jenstchina, a woman, for Genitsina: the radical is Ginicsa or Cwino, which last is in Visigothic a woman: the Greek Gunai or Gunaic, and the Teutonic Cwino, are the same word.—Je or Ge, also, already; in Teutonic Ge, Geo, Ge-eac; applied to time added or past, to time just past, and to all additions or continuations: Eje or Ioje, a hedgehog, in Teutonic called Egel, Igel or Igla; from Ag or Eg, sharp or prickly: Dolg, debt, duty, in Visigothic Dulg; Doljno, for Dolgino, dutifully: Roje, rye, for Rog, So called from its roughness: Rja, rustiness, for Raga, redness or rust: Krug, a ring, a circle; O-crujate, to encircle: derjate, to hold firmly, from Drag or Thrag, press: Dojde, rain, from Deagd, wetness, dewiness, wet: Eje, for Aeg or Aec, each; as in Eje-godno, annually, or each-yearly: Mojno, possible, from Mag or Mog, have power, may, might: Sluga, an attendant or servant; Slujate, to serve or attend: Mnogo, in Teutonic Manag or MaeNig, many; U-mnojate, to increase: Begate, to move; Iz-bejimoe, that which is avoidable, or may be moved from. In some examples j is produced